Dark spots form when skin produces excess melanin. Common causes are sun damage (sun spots), melasma (often hormone- and sun-related), and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation — the marks left after acne, eczema, or injury.

Melasma is a common form of hyperpigmentation that causes brown or gray-brown patches, usually on the face. It is influenced by sun exposure and hormones (such as pregnancy or birth control) and tends to be chronic and recurrent.

These are flat brown or red marks left after a pimple heals, known as post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. They are not scars and usually fade over time, and treatment can speed that up.

Treatment often combines a prescription topical (such as hydroquinone, azelaic acid, or a retinoid), daily broad-spectrum sunscreen, and sometimes additional ingredients. Your provider will choose what is safe and effective for your skin.

Sun exposure is the biggest driver of dark spots and makes treatment far less effective. Daily broad-spectrum SPF 30 or higher is essential to fade existing spots and prevent new ones.

Pigment fades slowly. Most people see gradual improvement over 8 to 12 weeks with consistent treatment, and melasma in particular often needs ongoing maintenance.

Most are harmless and cosmetic. However, any spot that is changing, growing, irregular in color or border, or new in adulthood should be evaluated to rule out skin cancer.

Yes, especially melasma and sun-related spots. Ongoing sun protection and maintenance treatment help preserve results and prevent recurrence.